![]() The Persian Gulf War began on January 16, 1991, and ended six weeks later when the allied military coalition drove Iraq’s armies out of Kuwait. He ignored appeals to withdraw his forces from Kuwait, despite the buildup of a large U.S.-led military force in Saudi Arabia and the passage of United Nations (UN) resolutions condemning the occupation and authorizing the use of force to end it. Saddam apparently intended to use that nation’s vast oil revenues to bolster Iraq’s economy, but his occupation of Kuwait quickly triggered a worldwide trade embargo against Iraq. In August 1990 the Iraqi army overran neighbouring Kuwait. Despite the large foreign debt with which Iraq found itself saddled by war’s end, Saddam continued to build up his armed forces. The Iran-Iraq War dragged on in a stalemate until 1988, when both countries accepted a cease-fire that ended the fighting. The cost of the war and the interruption of Iraq’s oil exports caused Saddam to scale down his ambitious programs for economic development. Saddam launched an invasion of Iran’s oil fields in September 1980, but the campaign bogged down in a war of attrition. His goals as president were to supplant Egypt as leader of the Arab world and to achieve hegemony over the Persian Gulf. He used an extensive secret-police establishment to suppress any internal opposition to his rule, and he made himself the object of an extensive personality cult among the Iraqi public. He then became chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council and prime minister, among other positions. Saddam began to assert open control of the government in 1979 and became president upon Bakr’s resignation. Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr, and in 1972 he directed the nationalization of Iraq’s oil industry. Saddam effectively held power in Iraq along with the head of state, Pres. He escaped, becoming a leader of the Baʿath Party, and was instrumental in the coup that brought the party back to power in 1968. The Baʿathists were overthrown that same year, however, and Saddam spent several years in prison in Iraq. He attended Cairo Law School (1962–63) and continued his studies at Baghdad Law College after the Baʿathists took power in Iraq in 1963. In 1959 he participated in an unsuccessful attempt by Baʿathists to assassinate the Iraqi prime minister, ʿAbd al-Karīm Qāsim Saddam was wounded in the attempt and escaped first to Syria and then to Egypt. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!. ![]() Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.COVID-19 Portal While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today.Student Portal Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more.This Time in History In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history.#WTFact Videos In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find.Demystified Videos In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions.Britannica Classics Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives.Britannica Explains In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions."If the Kids Are United" also features on many other compilation and live albums, and it has been covered by many artists and bands such as Wat Tyler, Rancid, 7 Seconds, Oi Polloi, DJ Paul, Angelic Upstarts, Red Alert, Bérurier Noir, Sham Pistols, The Kids, Les Ramoneurs de Menhirs, Mama's Boys, Atari Teenage Riot, The Duke Spirit, Jarvis Cocker, and Pluramon. The CD single is designed to resemble a sawtooth. Released as a single in 1992, it features Jimmy Pursey as a guest musician. The song was covered by the German punk rock band Die Toten Hosen in 1991 for their cover album Learning English, Lesson One. The song was also featured on their 1980 compilation album, The First, the Best and the Last. The single, backed by the B-side "Sunday Morning Nightmare", was a success and reached number 9 in the UK Singles Chart in July 1978. " If the Kids Are United" is a song by English punk rock band Sham 69. Single by Die Toten Hosen featuring Jimmy Purseyįrom the album Learning English, Lesson One 1978 single by Sham 69 "If the Kids Are United"
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